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Turbulence modeling
Turbulence
RANS-based turbulence models
  1. Linear eddy viscosity models
    1. Algebraic models
    2. One equation models
    3. Two equation models
      1. k-epsilon models
      2. k-omega models
      3. Realisability issues
  2. Nonlinear eddy viscosity models
    1. Explicit nonlinear constitutive relation
    2. v2-f models
      1. model
      2. model
Large eddy simulation (LES)
Detached eddy simulation (DES)
Direct numerical simulation (DNS)
Turbulence near-wall modeling
Turbulence free-stream boundary conditions
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Introduction

The K-epsilon model is one of the most common turbulence models, although it just doesn't perform well in cases of large adverse pressure gradients (Reference 4). It is a two equation model, that means, it includes two extra transport equations to represent the turbulent properties of the flow. This allows a two equation model to account for history effects like convection and diffusion of turbulent energy.

The first transported variable is turbulent kinetic energy, . The second transported variable in this case is the turbulent dissipation, . It is the variable that determines the scale of the turbulence, whereas the first variable, , determines the energy in the turbulence.

There are two major formulations of K-epsilon models (see References 2 and 3). That of Launder and Sharma is typically called the 'Standard' K-epsilon Model. The original impetus for the K-epsilon model was to improve the mixing-length model, as well as to find an alternative to algebraically prescribing turbulent length scales in moderate to high complexity flows.

As described in Reference 1, the K-epsilon model has been shown to be useful for free-shear layer flows with relatively small pressure gradients. Similarly, for wall-bounded and internal flows, the model gives good results only in cases where mean pressure gradients are small; accuracy has been shown experimentally to be reduced for flows containing large adverse pressure gradients. One might infer then, that the K-epsilon model would be an inappropriate choice for problems such as inlets and compressors.

To calculate boundary conditions for these models see turbulence free-stream boundary conditions.

Usual K-epsilon models

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Miscellaneous

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References

[1] Bardina, J.E., Huang, P.G., Coakley, T.J. (1997), 'Turbulence Modeling Validation, Testing, and Development', NASA Technical Memorandum 110446.

[2] Jones, W. P., and Launder, B. E. (1972), 'The Prediction of Laminarization with a Two-Equation Model of Turbulence', International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 15, 1972, pp. 301-314.

[3] Launder, B. E., and Sharma, B. I. (1974), 'Application of the Energy Dissipation Model of Turbulence to the Calculation of Flow Near a Spinning Disc', Letters in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 131-138.

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[4] Wilcox, David C (1998). 'Turbulence Modeling for CFD'. Second edition. Anaheim: DCW Industries, 1998. pp. 174.

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